Roles of International Financial Institutions Essay

Roles of International Financial Institutions - Essay Example International financial institutions operate under international laws and this regulation applies to their roles. The institutions also operate and dispense their duties with a global focus according to the international laws and policies. The international financial institutions therefore implement international laws and policies. This paper will therefore analyze the roles of international financial institutions and their importance in the management of global risks. The World Bank is the largest and the most common international financial institution. The World Bank offers financial assistance to countries especially the developing countries as its main duty. The institutions mainly targets and finance development projects in the concerned countries with the aim of reducing poverty or assisting the countries to achieve global development goals. The international monetary fund the IMF has roles similar to the roles of the World Bank although the institution specializes in monitorin g global economy. International financial institutions (IFI) deals with global financial matters however, their duties are influenced by global politics. International financial institutions implements global policies and this link them with the global politics. The main duty of the IFI is maintaining economic and financial stability in different countries. Maintaining stable economies is an important part of international development. To play this role the institutions provides deposit and loans facilities to the concerned countries. This effort enables the institutions to actively control and monitor the flow of finances in these countries. These institutions work together with other international organizations such as the UN to carry out their duties. Although these multinational organizations have full control over the international financial institutions, the institutions have their own duties and agenda. Poverty eradication and economic stability of developing countries cannot be achieved without peace and stability in the involved countries and therefore the IFI have maintaining peace and stability in these countries as their secondary objective. The institutions influence the government of the concerned countries by altering their financial capabilities. This is achieved through offering of loan and financial sanctions to the concerned governments. This enables the IFI to control the monetary flow of the involved countries or their financial capabilities. The institutions also target the governments of the involved countries in order to maintain political stability. This enables the institutions to enhance global and regional stability through stable economies. Maintaining stability is an indirect role of the IFI aimed at enhancing global economic stability and development. The maintaining global and regional stability is a method of implementing international humanitarian law that is one of the duties of the institutions. Global financing operations a re financial procedures and analysis. Global financial operations include financial operation procedures such as accounting, strategic planning investment, financial analysis, and compliance (Hirschey, 2009). These procedures are carried out on a global scale and hence global financial operation reference. Global financial institutions have global duties and responsibilities. The institutions are therefore responsible for carrying out the global financial

Othello’s Shakespeare Literature Essay Example for Free

Othello’s Shakespeare Literature Essay Stereotype in layman’s term is often defined as predictable characters and situations or something that is not authentic, or something that is already experienced. In Shakespeare literature, stereotyping is sometimes inevitable. Some of his works, its themes and characters embody the social predicaments and situations during the time he created the masterpiece. In Othello’s case, the issue of race and religion and the revelation of the dark side of human nature is revealed and discussed through the characters. Themes and conflicts like jealousy, race, power, religious tensions, obsession and marriage illustrated in Othello are still important and experienced today. The characters in love, the characters in extreme emotions like obsession and jealousy and the characters who lose and win portray same emotions in reality and some other literature. The common human experience experienced by the characters of Othello, Desdemona and Iago makes this literature stereotype. However what makes stereotyping in Shakespeare’s literature unique and sophisticated is the creative structure of his stories and plays. The play reflects that race and culture divides the world and the people which, in effect, influence human responses to love and emotions. Othello, who is the main character in the story, is a black man who fell in love with a white woman, Desdemona. When Iago gave false accusations against Desdemona, Othello responded with rage, revealing his awareness that his newfound love with Desdemona was all but an illusion. Othello is obviously insecure about his identity as a black man which motivated his hatred and eventually his actions. Othello’s general conclusion that a white woman and a black man are unfit to become lovers motivated his demonic tendencies. This reflects that the controversial issues about racism manipulate our perspective towards love and relationship, which is often destructive. Like any other human beings when faced with inequality, Othello approached his emotions unwisely. Othello’s reaction to his feelings contaminated his sense of morality and spirituality just like how other people is being contaminated by their extreme emotions. Jealousy and envy motivate evilness and passion that in the long run will create human suffering and tragedy. People often hear that human beings are naturally selfish. In love, this selfishness is often revealed. However, those people who are victims of jealousy, especially the ones who are loved, will always experience passive suffering. Love affects in this case, the way a lover responds to love will greatly affect the beloved. Love is a shared communion. The lover’s choices will affect the beloved’s fate. Othello’s choices resulted to Desdemona’s death. Here Shakespeare demonstrates the defensive nature and stereotypical image of black people If Othello denied inferiority and race, Iago gave importance to power and race and status. This selfish need and motivation of Iago resulted to jealousy and which eventually led to destruction. Just like any other negative emotions, Shakespeare gave a predictable outcome: selfishness and jealousy leads to destruction. Stereotyping in character is probably used by Shakespeare to demonstrate the realities of human life and the realities of human nature. However the sophistication and language of his literature revealed his Shakespeare’s innate talent, artistry and creativity.

A Brief Description Of The Kuwait Culture

A Brief Description Of The Kuwait Culture Culture consists of behaviors, beliefs, and language among other characteristics that are common to people who are members of a particular society or group (Peterson 2008). Through the culture, people conform to societys shared values, define themselves and contribute to the society that they find themselves in. every culture has its own distinct characteristics that differentiates it from the others. One of such culture of the world is the Kuwait culture. This culture exists in the Middle East which borders the Persian Gulf, sandwiched between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. This research will endeavor to focus on cultural aspects of the people of Kuwait drawing similarities and differences with the Australian culture. The main aspects of culture that this research will focus on include religious beliefs, language and appropriate cultural behaviors governing interactions. A Brief Description of the Kuwait Culture The Kuwaiti culture is dominant in Kuwait where the people originate. These people have a unique culture especially given the fact that the country was never colonized. This means that the culture was never exposed to dilution that comes with colonization. The people have therefore been free with regard to managing their affairs and develop their unique cultural characteristics. Kuwait is therefore touted as the Arab worlds cultural city (Brown 2004). This culture places a lot of emphasis on the family units role in passing values from one generation to the next. This contributed in developing a close knit culture that has retained a distinct identity to this day. Similarities and Differences between the Australian and Kuwaitis Culture The Kuwait and Australian cultures have very differing religious beliefs. The Kuwait culture is dominated by the Islamic faith while the Australian culture is dominated by the Christian religious faith. The Islam faith governs the Kuwaitis personal lives. According to their religious belief, Prophet Mohammad was the last of Gods emissaries to bring revelation to all mankind. According to this faith, the people are supposed to fast and pray especially during the holy month of Ramadan. On the other hand, the Australian culture mainly practices the Christian faith. Prayer and fasting are not coordinated. Even though they engage in fasting, it is left on every individual to decide if and when to do it. There are no specific times when people are obliged to fast and pray. According to the Kuwaitis Islam faith that characterizes their culture people are obliged to pray five times a day. On the other hand, according to the Australian Christian religion that characterizes their culture, ther e are no obligations as to the number of times an individual is supposed to pray. The holy day for the Australian people is on a Sunday while that for people in Kuwait its on Friday. The other aspect that differentiates two the cultures is the language. The first difference relates to the dominant languages used in the two cultures. In the Kuwaitis culture, Arabic is the dominant language (NEA 2005). Arabic is used in usual conversations in social settings. Most importantly, the language is most important in the religion. Arabic is important to the people as they learn their Islamic doctrines through the language. On the other hand, in the Australian culture, the dominant language is English (Department of Foreign Affairs 2011). Unlike in the Kuwaitis culture, there is no heavy link between understanding the language and religion. The Australian English is heavily characterized by slang and shortening of words. The people have a penchant for shortening words and giving new names to people and animals. It may be difficult to get the meaning of their conversations if one is not conversant with the connotations attached in their slang language. The first example of their slang is You right? which meaning if you need any assistance. The other example of a slang that characterizes their language is good on ya. This slang means well done. One similarity with relation to language as an aspect of culture is that both cultures use English. The English language spoken in Kuwait is not characterized by abbreviation and shortening as in Australia. Even though Arabic is the main language of communication in Kuwait, English is sometimes used and is the second compulsory language in schools. The Kuwait people use English widely for business purposes just as their Australian counterparts. The other aspect of the culture relates to the manner of greetings. The two cultures have differences in their manner of greetings. To begin with, in the Kuwait culture, greetings in form of a handshake are normally restricted to people of the same sex (Maria Spilling 2008). This is different from the Australian culture where people of different sexes can shake hands. The other difference relates to the enthusiasm. In most cases, greetings in the Kuwaitis culture are given with a lot of enthusiasm. The greetings are supposed to deeply express an individuals pleasure of meeting again. This is different from the Australian culture where greetings with as much enthusiasm. The other difference relates to the exchanges that go with the greetings. In the Kuwait culture, the Kuwaitis take the time in the course of the greetings to find about the other persons family, health, acquaintances, mutual friends and all matters that are of general interest. This is different from the Australian cu lture where greetings are generally relaxed. Greetings may just entail a simple hello (Kwint 2011). In formal settings, greeting entails just good morning or good afternoon depending on the time of the day. One similarity about the two cultures in terms of greetings is the fact that a handshake forms part of their greetings albeit for people of the same sex in the Kuwaitis culture. The other key difference relates to gender separation among members of the society. There Kuwait culture has strict interaction expectations among the member of its community as opposed to the relaxed Australian approach. In Kuwaits culture, men and women gather separately during social functions such as marriage dinners and parties. This is different in the Australian culture as men and women are allowed to interact freely with each other. Among the Kuwaitis, people of the same sex constantly show a lot of affection and friendliness. In fact, it is common for a man to kiss another man in the cheek (UFL 2011). In contrast, among the Australians men cannot kiss another man on their cheek. This practice may be there among females but not in Australian men. In the Kuwaitis culture, it is considered impolite for a man to kiss a lady on the cheek. This is regardless of how much friendly they are. This is very different from the Australian culture when it is common for a man to show affect ion to a woman through a kiss on the cheek. In a nutshell, there are huge gender boundaries in Kuwait than in the Australian culture. The Australian and Kuwaitis religion culture guides the people in their every day life. Although the two cultures have different religions, the ideals they advocate are the same. In Kuwait, religion is based on respect and tolerance. This helps people to live and coexist in peace despite tensions that may arise in the course of their every day life. Religion guides the people in their social and even political activities. In the Australian culture, the church also emphasizes on tolerance on other people view points. The Australian cultural perspective in relation to God is that of a transcendent and perception of an interventionist. The perception of the Australian culture of God is based on the security and strength of the mateship myth (Porta 2007). This indicates reliance in God among the Australians in their day to day life. As a result, both cultures have a lot of reliance on religion in their everyday life. The family plays an important role in learning of its members of the Australian and Kuwaitis culture. The family offers the initial learning environment for the infants. In the Kuwait culture, the family is held with a lot of respect (Lairi 2009). The young are taught how to behave and respect the older people. This is the same with the Australian culture where parents and members of the immediate family have the responsibility of laying the foundation for their young ones. They have to ensure appropriate behavior that project positively to the whole society. Hospitality and contributions are esteemed values in both cultures and are nurtured right from the family level. It is the pride of the family when the child prospers. The similarity in learning environment in both countries is that their language of instruction is English. The main language among the Australian culture is English. The language extends to the learning environments. Instruction is carried out primarily in English which is the uniting language among all the tribes in the culture. Just as in Australia, English is the language of instruction in Kuwait. This is despite the fact that Arabic is the language that is widely used in the normal communications. This is because English is the most popular language in the world and as a result the Kuwait learning environment tries to prepare the learners in a way that they can fit in a world beyond their culture. The difference between Kuwait and Australian learning environment relates to cultural diversity. The learning environment in Australia is more culturally diverse than that in Kuwait. The Australian system has many foreign students from all parts of the world. As a result, there is a conglomeration of cultures in the learning environment. Students therefore have to learn to accommodate each other and be more adaptable. On the other hand, the learning environment in Kuwait is not as diverse. There are fewer foreigners and therefore the learning environment is dominated by people who share many aspects of the same culture. Conclusion Australia and Kuwait are two cultures that share some similarities and differences. This research has found that there are more differences than similarities between the two. One of the factors that define a culture is its religious beliefs. While the Kuwaitis culture gravitates towards Muslim practices, the Australian culture leans towards Christianity. The other aspect that distinguishes the two cultures is language. The main language among the Kuwaitis is Arabic that in the Australian one is English. Gender separation is the other cultural aspect that differentiates the two. While the Australian culture allows for free interaction of people of different sexes, the Kuwaitis one does not. The manner of greetings is also different between the two cultures. The salient thing is the enthusiasm in the greetings among the Kuwaitis something missing in the Australian culture. The first similarity between the two is the fact that religion advocates for tolerance and respect for others. Add itionally, the family plays a critical role in creating an environment for learning acceptable behavior.

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Grazing ecosystems support more herbivore biomass than any other terrestrial habitat (Sinclair 1975, Detling 1988, McNaughton et al. 1989, 1991, Huntly 1991). A functional consequence of this disparity in trophic structure emerges by comparing the relationship between aboveground production and herbivore consumption in the Serengeti and Yellowstone ecosystems with that in other terrestrial ecosystems [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED]. For consumption measurements, we included plant material removed by all important herbivores, both vertebrates and invertebrates. All values were energy equivalents (kJ), converted from biomass measurements using standard conversion factors (Golley 1968). For productivity measurements, we considered only the nonwoody fraction of aboveground productivity - that is, net foliage production (NFP) - because woody production is largely unavailable to herbivores. Plotting plant production against consumption revealed that terrestrial ecosystems fall into two groups that are distinguished by the intensity of herbivory ([F.sub.1,78] = 88.2, P [less than] 0.0001; [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED]). The first group includes low-herbivory habitats: desert, tundra, temperate forest, tropical forest, [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 1 OMITTED] and small grassland sites lacking large herbivores. The second includes the Serengeti and Yellowstone, which exhibit high herbivory rates. On average, herbivores removed 57% (SE = 3.4, n = 40) of NFP in the Serengeti and Yellowstone, whereas they removed only 9% (SE = 1.4, n = 40) of NFP in other terrestrial ecosystems. For example, only 10% (SE = 2.1, n = 14) of the aboveground production was consumed in temperate grasslands that lack large herbivores, showing that the removal of migratory grazers dramatically affects the energy dynamics of grasslands. Slopes of the relationships did not differ statistically between the two groups (P [greater than] 0.10) and were greater than 1, indicating that the proportion of available primary production consumed increased as NFP increased for both groups of habitats. The low level of dispersion of samples around the regression line characterizing plant productivity and consumption in the Serengeti and Yellowstone grasslands suggests that the relationship describes a continuum from cool, temperate to warm, tropical grazing ecosystems. Primary production is greater in... ...erlag. McNaughton SJ, Milchunas DG, Frank DA. 1996. How can net primary productivity be measured in grazing ecosystems? Ecology 77: 974-977. Meagher M. 1973. The Bison of Yellowstone National Park. National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series 1. Washington (DC): United States Department of Interior. Meagher M, Meyer ME. 1994. On the origin of brucellosis in bison of Yellowstone National Park: A review Conservation Biology 8: 645-653. Milchunas DG, Lauenroth WK. 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecology 63: 327-366. Morton JK. 1972. Phytogeography of the west African mountains. Pages 221-236 in Valentine DH, ed. Taxonomy, Phytogeography, and Evolution. New York: Academic Press. Oesterheld, M, Sala OE, McNaughton SJ. 1992. Effect of animal husbandry on herbivore carrying capacity at the regional scale. Nature 356: 234-236. Peters RH. 1983. The Ecological Implications of Body Size. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. Prins HHT. 1996. Ecology and Behavior of the African Buffalo: Social Inequality and Decision Making London: Chapman & Hall. Senft RL, Coughenour MB, Bailey DW, Rittenhouse LR, Sala

Acting White Essay

Bill Cosby puts all African Americans in the category of ignorant and ghetto, living in the lower class. In the text he often attacks single mothers with no father in the household. Also, he attacks innocent children with bad parenting. I believe Cosby makes such statements because most of them are true. Even though I am a part of the minority or lower class I strongly agree and disagree with Cosby’s remarks. That’s because it is a high percentage of black households that are ignorant like Cosby is saying, but all are not financially able. Cosby reflects on lower economic people are not holding up their end in this deal. His meaning is lower class people are not parenting. This argument is true and false, some lower class parents are whether it taking working 2 or 3 jobs or leaving there children with a babysitter to provide for their family. Some parents aren’t even trying leaving their children in the homes with no food or clothing. Cosby state’s where the fathers in our heritage are and I agree with his statement because African American has percentages of fathers not in their children’s lives. Most fathers don’t even have the chance either being incarcerated or mothers not having any type of relationship with them because the lacks of financial help with the children. In my hometown of Akron, I see examples of this problem everyday, signs posted with fathers name and how much owed back on child support. People putting their clothes on backward: Isn’t that a sign of something gone wrong? Hats worn on backwards, pants down around the crack isn’t that a sign of something? Cosby makes impairment statements in his text. I agree it is something wrong with it but the African American society accepts it. Also, we see it on television in rappers, singers, actors and athletes so it isn’t acceptable to change. Like a cold this is the most common symptom in the black community. I see young toddlers all the way to grown men with their pants below their crack everyday in my hometown as well as other cities. I even see it in places it shouldn’t be seen at public and private universities. At my University, central state, I see this problem is all over the United States and change hasn’t yet been implemented. Bill Cosby states we have millionaire professional athletes such as football and basketball players who can’t read or write two paragraphs. I don’t agree with this statement, I am a student athlete and I can read and write paragraphs I’m pretty sure it’s more athletes with reading and writing skills. Also states most African Americans have names like Shaniqua, Taliqua and Mohammad, this is true we as a people have made our names acceptable to society, so employers will take us more serious. Cosby makes a critical statement in the text â€Å"The idea is to one day get out of the projects. You don’t just stay there. † This statement is why I agree mostly with him. Most African Americans are living just to get by and not striving for excellence or even at least a Middle class lifestyle and it has been this way for decades. Last, the statement I agree with the most was â€Å"we cannot blame white people†. This statement is so true; African Americans tend to blame white people for their faults. I feel that we can’t blame people anymore because we have the same freedom and rights as them we live in a country where all are treated equal. In my hometown kids shoplifted in the malls and parents are called because their child is in the juvenile delinquency home. The parents often raging at the police, as Cosby says why your child is stealing for anyway, we can’t be so quick to blame whites responsibility has to be on oneself or bad parenting. I agree 100% with Cosby’s remarks because most of them were true. For African American people to disagree with such statements, we have to live up to higher standards and quit settling for less.

Free Essays on Old English

Historical Background In B.C. the introduction of literary civilization was introduced to Britain. The first settler on this island was Caesar. It was then invaded by the Romans and the Britons. The invasion lasted until A.D., when Emperor Claudius took rule. That’s when Britain became under Roman rule, both politically and militarily. With the Romans ruling, change was constant. Education and schooling became a key factor, with the church playing a major role. Britain was then invaded by the Anglo-Saxon and the Jutes. The result of these invasions was four main nations, English, British, Picts and Scots. Each of which carried their own language and culture. One common unit was the Latin language. Another language that became was the Celtic, but that didn’t survive. Later the English drove out the Britons, which communication didn’t last. Slowly, the English became more developed which made them more powerful. In 739 the English civilization was threatened by the Norwegian sea-raiders. In 870 they attacked and were defeated by King Alfred. During the Anglo-Saxon period, church was the most powerful force. Scriptural writing was used in that time. The Norman Conquest and Later The Norman Conquest took place in 1066, which were the descendants of Scandinavians. Through French the Normans invaded Britain. This resulted in the French language and culture, which made it as important as the English. Language was divided, Latin for learning, old English for speaking and writing. Whereas law and government was in French. In the Middle Ages French entered the literature. This changed the grammar of English. The French created one kingdom from many. William the conqueror’s method of asserting his power was orderly, simple, autocratic and novel to the English. He declared everything the king’s. by the fourteenth century the English kingdom was at it’s height of political strength and economic growth. Education was a... Free Essays on Old English Free Essays on Old English Historical Background In B.C. the introduction of literary civilization was introduced to Britain. The first settler on this island was Caesar. It was then invaded by the Romans and the Britons. The invasion lasted until A.D., when Emperor Claudius took rule. That’s when Britain became under Roman rule, both politically and militarily. With the Romans ruling, change was constant. Education and schooling became a key factor, with the church playing a major role. Britain was then invaded by the Anglo-Saxon and the Jutes. The result of these invasions was four main nations, English, British, Picts and Scots. Each of which carried their own language and culture. One common unit was the Latin language. Another language that became was the Celtic, but that didn’t survive. Later the English drove out the Britons, which communication didn’t last. Slowly, the English became more developed which made them more powerful. In 739 the English civilization was threatened by the Norwegian sea-raiders. In 870 they attacked and were defeated by King Alfred. During the Anglo-Saxon period, church was the most powerful force. Scriptural writing was used in that time. The Norman Conquest and Later The Norman Conquest took place in 1066, which were the descendants of Scandinavians. Through French the Normans invaded Britain. This resulted in the French language and culture, which made it as important as the English. Language was divided, Latin for learning, old English for speaking and writing. Whereas law and government was in French. In the Middle Ages French entered the literature. This changed the grammar of English. The French created one kingdom from many. William the conqueror’s method of asserting his power was orderly, simple, autocratic and novel to the English. He declared everything the king’s. by the fourteenth century the English kingdom was at it’s height of political strength and economic growth. Education was a...